第四讲 如何做阅读理解题（二）
1、细节题
大纲对考生学会的阅读能力的第二条需要是：知道讲解主旨的事实和细节。也就是说大家在阅读一篇文章时，除去抓住文章的主旨和大意料之外，还需要弄清文中的一些要紧事实或细节，由于它们是作者得出结论或说明论点的依据。知道这类事实或细节能够帮助领会并确定文章的主题。
细节类题目在英语等级考试的阅读理解题中占的比率最大，涉及的内容也非常广，因此，大家在复习应考时，应注意在该类题目上多下功夫。细节题常出why, when, where, what, who等疑问词引导的句子提问。解答细节题的重点在于从问题中找出问题的关键字，即能表达问题所涉及内容的中心词，然后飞速在短文中用查读的办法找出关键字在短文中的地方，与包括所需信息的句子或短语，最后依据这类句子或短语做出正确的选择。
细节类题目容易见到提问形式有：
What causes...?
Why does the author mention...?
How many...?
where in the passage does the author describe...?
What time does the writer think is ...?
The author mentions that...?
The writer states...?
等等
对于这种题型，考生可以第一从问题中找到关键字，然后以此为线索，运用查读的办法到文章中探寻这一细节，找到后再把这一部分内容仔细阅读一遍，从而保证对这一细节的正确理解，最后确定正确答案。
Let Them Watch It
One hot night last July, when our new baby wouldnt or couldnt sleep, I tried everything I could think of : a warm bottle, songs, and gentle rocking. Nothing would settle him. Guessing that I had a long night ahead of me, I brought a portable1 TV into his room, figuring that watching the late movie was as good a way as any to kill off the hours until dawn. To my surprise, as soon as the TV lit up, the baby quieted right down, his little eyes, focused brightly on the tube. Not to waste an opportunity for sleep, I then tiptoed out of the room, leaving him to watch the actors celebrate John Bellushis fortyfifth birthday. My wife and I heard no more of the baby that night, and the next morning when I went into his room, I found him still watching TV himself.
I found in my babys behaviour a metaphor2 for the new generation. My wife and I had given him some books to examine, but he merely spit upon them. When we read to him, he did not feel comfortable. And so it is in the schools. We find that our students dont read, that they look down upon reading and scold those of us who teach it. All they want to do is watch TV. After this experience with the baby, however, I have reached a conclusion; let them watch it. If television is that much more attractive to children than books, why should we fight it? Let them watch it all they want!
这是99年考试试题中的一篇短文。短文讲的是一个炎热的夏季，孩子就是不想睡觉，作者想尽了各种方法，又是拿奶瓶，又是唱歌，又是摇晃，就是不管用。实在没方法，把一个手提电视给他拿了过去，孩子立刻就不闹了。大家看第36题：
36. The author brought a TV set into his sons room to
A)make his son sTOP crying.
B) spend the night watching TV.
C) leave it to his son.
D) make his son fall asleep as soon as possible.
题目问的是作者把电视拿到他儿子屋里去的目的是什么。这道题就是细节性题目。在回答这种题目时，就要到文中找有关信息。请看第一段第三句： Guessing that I had a long night ahead of me...watching the late movie was as good a way as any to kill off the hours until dawn。作者把电视机拿到他儿子的房间里本不是给他儿子看的，而是筹备让自己看深夜电影来打发长夜难熬的时光。所以，选项B为最好答案。其他三个选项都不是他把电视机拿到儿子房间里去的初衷。下面大家看推理题。
2、推理题
一篇文章总是包括两方面的内容：即字面内容和内在内容。所谓内在的内容，是指因为种种缘由，文章的作者并不直说出其意，而是把要表达的意思隐藏在字里行间。推理题就是需要考生依据文章所提供的事实，透过表面的文章信息去推断文章深层的意思。推理能力包含总结、演绎、剖析，综合、引申等。阅读理解题中最让考生头痛的应属推理题。这种题既有以局部内容为基础的简单推理，也有以某一段落，甚至整篇文章为基础判断作者（或文中某人物）态度、看法、意图、语气、身份及文章文体等的复杂推理。
推理题总是以下列形式出现：
It can be inferred3 from the passage that...
In this passage the author implies4 that...
We can conclude from the passage that...
The authors attitude toward5...is...
The author may probably agree with / be in favour of / support /...
One could conclude from the passage that...
The paragraph following this passage most probably would discuss...
请看上面这篇短文的第37题：
37. The babys reaction to the TV was
A)unexpected.
B) exciting.
C) awful.
D) calm.
该题的下确答案为A。作者在文章中提到，他一打开电视，孩子立刻就安静下来，再也不闹了，双眼直盯在电视上。作者在这里用了To my surprise, 显然孩子对电视的反应，是作者没预料到的，因此A为正确答案。exciting是让人开心的，awful是可怕的， 也就是极其不好的反应， calm是平静的，电视一开，那孩子就平静下来了，但这并非说他的反应是平静的。下面大家再看第38题：
38. from the passage we know that the author is
A) a doctor.
B) an editor.
C) a writer.
D) a teacher.